Russia has opened discussions with India to expand deliveries of its S-400 missile systems, a move that underscores the durability of their defense ties even as Western governments urge New Delhi to scale back reliance on Moscow. Officials said the talks build on the 2018 agreement for five S-400 regiments, of which three have been delivered. The final two are scheduled for 2026 and 2027 after multiple delays.

Background on the Existing Deal

India signed its initial S-400 agreement in 2018, arguing that the long-range system was essential for deterring regional rivals, particularly China and Pakistan. The system can intercept aircraft, drones, and ballistic missiles at ranges of up to 400 kilometers, making it a cornerstone of India’s layered air-defense network. Delivery delays caused by supply-chain disruptions and sanctions have forced a revision of timelines, but both sides insist the contract remains on track.

Strategic Partnership and Political Signaling

The fresh negotiations follow a recent meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Vladimir Putin on the sidelines of a regional summit, where both leaders publicly reaffirmed their relationship. Modi stressed that India and Russia “stand side by side even in difficult times,” while Putin described him as a “dear friend.” Analysts say pursuing additional missile systems signals India’s determination to maintain strategic autonomy and resist external pressure, even as it strengthens security ties with Western states.

Defense Imports and Regional Security

India remains the world’s largest arms importer, with Russia supplying 36 percent of its purchases between 2020 and 2024, followed by France with 33 percent and Israel with 13 percent. Despite diversifying, New Delhi continues to depend on Russian technology already integrated into its defense infrastructure. The S-400 discussions come at a time when India faces heightened military tensions along its border with China and persistent hostility from Pakistan, raising the urgency of shoring up air-defense capabilities.